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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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time
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021389
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02138900.026
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1990-09-17
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WORLD, Page 48PARAGUAYThe Extinction of a Dinosaur A surprise coup topples Stroessner after a 34-year rule
Residents of sleepy Asuncion were startled when the crack of
gunfire shattered a muggy summer night. Two dozen armored tanks
rumbled down a residential street from the First Army Corps
headquarters. For eight hours, the sounds of battle transformed
several normally tranquil neighborhoods into war zones. As mutinous
soldiers traded rounds with loyal government troops, bullets
ricocheted wildly, felling more than 100 soldiers, pockmarking
buildings and flattening tires of parked cars.
Shortly before dawn, the rebellion achieved its goal: the
ouster of General Alfredo Stroessner, 76. As Stroessner was held
unharmed under house arrest at an army residence, his longtime
second-in-command and chief of the First Corps, General Andres
Rodriguez, made a radio address. "I communicate to you that General
Stroessner has surrendered and finds himself in perfect health,
deprived of liberty." Rodriguez soon took the oath as provisional
President.
The revolt abruptly ended the 34-year rule of Stroessner, an
autocrat who had shown every promise of realizing the dream of all
dictators: to die in bed, holding power to the end. There had been
only the slightest intimations that Stroessner's days were
numbered. Despite close personal ties between the two generals
(Rodriguez's daughter is married to Stroessner's son), Rodriguez
had quietly sided with a faction within the ruling Colorado Party
that favors limited democratic reforms. As a result, Stroessner
reportedly was on the verge of moving Rodriguez to a purely
ceremonial position. Rodriguez, who has headed the largest of
Paraguay's three army corps since 1961, did not give him the
opportunity. Stroessner's health and a brewing struggle over his
successor may also have triggered the coup: the seemingly
indestructible dictator underwent prostate surgery five months ago
and has since shown signs of deterioration.
Washington officials responded to the news of Stroessner's
political demise with little optimism. Despite some appealing
rhetoric, few believe Rodriguez will institute democratic reform.
"Most likely, it's going to be more of the same," said a senior
military analyst. The anti-Communist Stroessner has long been one
of Washington's staunchest backers. But his dismal record on human
rights compelled successive U.S. Administrations to denounce
Stroessner as a dictator.
A dinosaur among despots, Stroessner ruled with absolute
authority longer than any other leader in the Western hemisphere
and was second only to North Korea's Kim Il Sung as the world's
most durable dictator. After sweeping to power in a military coup
in 1954, Stroessner nominated himself President, then engineered
his pro forma re-election seven times. Despite sporadic challenges
to his rule, the patriarch faced no serious opposition. Unlike many
countries in the Americas, landlocked Paraguay has no tradition of
democracy.
Over the past decade, as military dictatorships toppled
throughout Latin America, Stroessner kept the army's loyalty by
cutting it in on contraband, kickbacks and theft. A state of siege,
regularly renewed and lifted only two years ago, empowered police
to arrest thousands of opponents. Early in Stroessner's regime,
critics were routinely branded as Communist subversives, often
tortured and killed; in later years, foes were jailed or exiled.
Still, most Paraguayans did not clamor for Stroessner's fall.
In the 50 years preceding his ascent to power, the country endured
civil wars, coups and more than 30 shaky presidencies. If
curtailment of fundamental freedoms was the price for political and
economic stability, most citizens were willing to buy into the
Faustian bargain. During most of Stroessner's rule, Paraguay
maintained a rate of economic growth unusual for Latin America.
Paraguay's future course is far from certain. In the hours
after the coup, citizens ventured into the streets, scarcely able
to believe Stroessner's demise and encouraged by Rodriguez's
rhetoric pledging "the initiation of democratization." But while
Rodriguez is popular with his troops, his lengthy association with
Stroessner casts doubt on his claims. His style of high living is
attributed to heavy involvement in Paraguay's large-scale smuggling
and drug trade. As a U.S. intelligence analyst put it, "He's been
a 30-year intimate of the old man. He's not going to reinvent the
wheel."
Stroessner, who provided asylum for some of the most reviled
figures in modern times, such as Nazi death-camp doctor Josef
Mengele and Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle, is
expected to live out his exile, possibly in Chile. There he would
be the guest of Augusto Pinochet, now the very last of Latin
America's old-style dictators, who himself faces political
extinction following presidential elections scheduled for December.